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{
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    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:misp:misp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "modules": [
            "app/Model/Event.php",
            "app/Model/MispAttribute.php"
          ],
          "product": "MISP",
          "repo": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP",
          "vendor": "MISP",
          "versions": [
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              "version": "0",
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          "type": "remediation developer",
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          "value": "Claude Opus 5.5 (1M context)"
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          "type": "reporter",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains an improper access control vulnerability in its attribute search and paginated attribute view endpoints.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen a user queries for soft-deleted attributes (e.g., via the deleted-attributes search or the paginated attribute listing), the application returned soft-deleted attributes belonging to events owned by other organizations to any authenticated user who had visibility of the event. The event detail view correctly restricted soft-deleted attribute visibility to the owning organization and sync-permission users, but the attribute search and paginated view code paths lacked this restriction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- An authenticated MISP user with at least read access to an event owned by another organization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- The user issues a query for deleted attributes (search or paginated view with the deleted filter).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Confidentiality: Soft-deleted threat intelligence attributes (e.g., IOCs, indicators, context) from other organizations are disclosed to unauthorized users. This may expose sensitive intelligence that the owning organization intended to remove from general visibility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected versions: MISP versions prior to v2.5.48.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "MISP contains an improper access control vulnerability in its attribute search and paginated attribute view endpoints.\n\nWhen a user queries for soft-deleted attributes (e.g., via the deleted-attributes search or the paginated attribute listing), the application returned soft-deleted attributes belonging to events owned by other organizations to any authenticated user who had visibility of the event. The event detail view correctly restricted soft-deleted attribute visibility to the owning organization and sync-permission users, but the attribute search and paginated view code paths lacked this restriction.\n\nPreconditions:\n\n- An authenticated MISP user with at least read access to an event owned by another organization.\n\n- The user issues a query for deleted attributes (search or paginated view with the deleted filter).\n\nImpact:\n\n- Confidentiality: Soft-deleted threat intelligence attributes (e.g., IOCs, indicators, context) from other organizations are disclosed to unauthorized users. This may expose sensitive intelligence that the owning organization intended to remove from general visibility.\n\nAffected versions: MISP versions prior to v2.5.48."
        }
      ],
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        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-126",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-126 Leverage Executable Code to Alter Data"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
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            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
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              "value": "GENERAL"
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              "role": "Supplier",
              "timestamp": "2026-10-02T16:06:38Z",
              "version": "2.0.3"
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              "value": "GENERAL"
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      "problemTypes": [
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          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-862",
              "description": "CWE-862 Missing Authorization",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-284",
              "description": "CWE-284 Improper Access Control",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
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        }
      ],
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        "dateUpdated": "2026-10-02T16:09:40.333Z",
        "orgId": "5a6e4751-2f3f-4070-9419-94fb35b644e8",
        "shortName": "CIRCL"
      },
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          "name": "Security patch",
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/bd81c23cf"
        },
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          "url": "https://github.com/elhoim"
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix enforces organizational ownership checks on soft-deleted attribute queries. When a user without sync permission requests deleted attributes, the query is now constrained to only return soft-deleted attributes whose parent event belongs to the requesting user\u0027s organization. This aligns the attribute search and paginated view behavior with the existing event view authorization logic.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
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          "value": "The fix enforces organizational ownership checks on soft-deleted attribute queries. When a user without sync permission requests deleted attributes, the query is now constrained to only return soft-deleted attributes whose parent event belongs to the requesting user\u0027s organization. This aligns the attribute search and paginated view behavior with the existing event view authorization logic."
        }
      ],
      "title": "MISP: Soft-Deleted Attributes from Other Organizations Exposed via Attribute Search and Paginated View",
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          "extensions": {
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                  "The exact fixed version is not specified in the patch metadata; the fix commit is 37 commits after the v2.5.48 tag, so the fixed release is post-2.5.48 but the exact version number is unknown.",
                  "PR:L assumes the attacker needs at least read access to an event owned by another organization; if MISP deployments restrict cross-org event visibility more tightly, the effective privilege requirement may be higher.",
                  "CAPEC-126 is the closest available mapping but is not a perfect fit; the vulnerability is an information disclosure via missing authorization rather than data alteration.",
                  "VC:L assumes the exposure is limited to soft-deleted attributes (a subset of event data) and does not include active attributes or full event metadata.",
                  "The patch does not specify whether this affects all MISP deployments or only multi-organization configurations; the CVSS assumes a multi-org deployment where cross-org visibility is possible."
                ],
                "capecRationale": [
                  {
                    "capecId": "CAPEC-126",
                    "rationale": "This CAPEC describes leveraging legitimate application code paths to access or manipulate data beyond intended permissions. The attacker uses the legitimate attribute search and paginated view endpoints (executable code paths) to retrieve soft-deleted attributes from other organizations. The mapping is imperfect because CAPEC-126 emphasizes data alteration, whereas this vulnerability is purely an information disclosure. However, among available CAPEC patterns, this is the closest match for exploiting a legitimate code path to bypass intended access restrictions. No CAPEC specifically covers \u0027information disclosure via missing authorization in a query endpoint\u0027 with greater precision."
                  }
                ],
                "commit": "bd81c23cf2aced3c72766369dc813612edd52509",
                "confidence": "medium",
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                "cvssRationale": "AV:N: The vulnerability is exploitable over the network via the MISP web API. AC:L: Exploitation requires only a standard query with the deleted-attribute filter; no race conditions or complex setup. AT:N: No special attack requirements. PR:L: An authenticated user with at least read access to an event owned by another organization is required. UI:N: No victim interaction needed; the data is returned in the API response. VC:L: Confidentiality impact is limited to soft-deleted attributes (a subset of event data) from other organizations; not all data is exposed. VI:N, VA:N: No integrity or availability impact on the vulnerable component. SC:N, SI:N, SA:N: No impact on subsequent components.",
                "fixSummary": "The fix enforces organizational ownership checks on soft-deleted attribute queries. When a user without sync permission requests deleted attributes, the query is now constrained to only return soft-deleted attributes whose parent event belongs to the requesting user\u0027s organization. This aligns the attribute search and paginated view behavior with the existing event view authorization logic.",
                "generatedAt": "2026-10-02T16:06:38.209479Z",
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                  "selectionMethod": "deterministic-consensus-v1",
                  "selectionNotice": "The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required."
                },
                "patchSha256": "9673ee1d4db26b032b6e3a2632315d5353cd2718c9b809a5296d28a0002a3722",
                "patchSummary": "Two code paths were modified:1. Event.php (fetchPaginatedAttributes): When the deleted filter is active and the user lacks perm_sync, an additional subquery condition is appended requiring the event owner\u0027s org_id to match the user\u0027s org_id. The original blanket deleted=0 or deleted=1 condition is replaced with an OR/AND structure that permits non-deleted attributes for all users but restricts deleted attributes to the owning org.2. MispAttribute.php (fetchAttributes): In the deleted=\u0027only\u0027 branch, when the user lacks perm_sync, an additional AND condition Event.org_id = user.org_id is added to the query conditions, scoping results to the user\u0027s own organization.",
                "patchTruncated": false,
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                  {
                    "commit": "bd81c23cf2aced3c72766369dc813612edd52509",
                    "date": "Thu, 24 Sep 2026 13:57:21 +0200",
                    "patchSha256": "9673ee1d4db26b032b6e3a2632315d5353cd2718c9b809a5296d28a0002a3722",
                    "source": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/bd81c23cf.patch",
                    "sourceUrl": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/bd81c23cf.patch",
                    "subject": "fix: [security] Show soft-deleted attributes only to the"
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                ],
                "source": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/bd81c23cf.patch",
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                  "role": "Supplier",
                  "timestamp": "2026-10-02T16:06:38Z",
                  "version": "2.0.3"
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                "subject": "fix: [security] Show soft-deleted attributes only to the",
                "tagVersionBoundary": {
                  "commits_after_fix": 37,
                  "repository": "https://github.com/MISP/MISP",
                  "tag": "v2.5.48",
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                "weaknessRationale": [
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                    "cweId": "CWE-862",
                    "rationale": "The attribute search and paginated view code paths were missing the authorization check that restricts soft-deleted attribute visibility to the owning organization. The event view had this check, but the attribute-level query paths did not, allowing any user with event visibility to retrieve soft-deleted attributes from other organizations."
                  },
                  {
                    "cweId": "CWE-284",
                    "rationale": "More broadly, the application failed to enforce proper access control boundaries between organizations when serving soft-deleted attribute data through specific query endpoints, resulting in cross-organizational information disclosure."
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                ]
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        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains an authorization flaw in its correlation handling during attribute searches. When a user performs an attribute search that triggers correlation lookups, the system authorized access to correlated attributes and events based on a stale distribution snapshot stored on the correlation row rather than the live event access control list.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause the correlation row\u0027s distribution columns are a point-in-time copy that lacks a published flag, the authorization check becomes incorrect when an event is subsequently restricted (for example, its sharing group is changed or it is unpublished). As a result, an authenticated user could retrieve attributes and event details belonging to events they no longer have permission to view.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- An authenticated user with at least read access to some events in the instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- The existence of correlations between events, at least one of which has been restricted after the correlation was created.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Confidentiality: exposure of attribute values and event metadata that the user is not authorized to access.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected versions: MISP prior to v2.5.48.\u003c/p\u003e"
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          "value": "MISP contains an authorization flaw in its correlation handling during attribute searches. When a user performs an attribute search that triggers correlation lookups, the system authorized access to correlated attributes and events based on a stale distribution snapshot stored on the correlation row rather than the live event access control list.\n\nBecause the correlation row\u0027s distribution columns are a point-in-time copy that lacks a published flag, the authorization check becomes incorrect when an event is subsequently restricted (for example, its sharing group is changed or it is unpublished). As a result, an authenticated user could retrieve attributes and event details belonging to events they no longer have permission to view.\n\nPreconditions:\n\n- An authenticated user with at least read access to some events in the instance.\n\n- The existence of correlations between events, at least one of which has been restricted after the correlation was created.\n\nImpact:\n\n- Confidentiality: exposure of attribute values and event metadata that the user is not authorized to access.\n\nAffected versions: MISP prior to v2.5.48."
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix ensures that correlation-based lookups are authorized against the live event and attribute access control lists rather than the stale distribution snapshot on the correlation row. A new filtering step validates related event IDs against the current event ACL before returning them, and attribute queries for non-admin users now include the live ACL conditions. Additionally, Event and Object fields are stripped from returned attribute results to prevent incidental metadata leakage.\u003c/p\u003e"
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      "title": "MISP Correlation Authorization Bypass Exposes Restricted Event and Attribute Data",
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                  "The affected version boundary (\u003c 2.5.48) is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.48, 38 commits after fix); the exact first affected version is not stated in the patch.",
                  "CVSS PR:L assumes the attacker needs a standard authenticated MISP account with read access to at least one event; no evidence supports a lower or higher privilege requirement.",
                  "CAPEC-114 is the closest available pattern; the actual mechanism is a stale authorization snapshot rather than a classic privilege-escalation vector, so the mapping is approximate.",
                  "The patch does not specify whether the vulnerability requires the event to have been restricted after correlation creation, or whether other state changes (e.g., sharing group modification) also trigger the issue; the commit message mentions \u0027restricted\u0027 as the primary scenario.",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains an improper input validation vulnerability in the decaying model import functionality. The import endpoint was intended to create a new decaying model belonging exclusively to the importing user\u0027s organisation, with the default flag forced to off.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the application stripped only the top-level id and uuid fields and pinned org_id and default on the outer array before saving the data flat. A user with decaying-model permissions could supply a nested model key carrying its own primary key, organisation identifier, and default flag, which bypassed those guards during the save operation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A user with perm_decaying could overwrite an existing decaying model belonging to another organisation in place, altering its name, formula, parameters, or ownership.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A user could create or modify a model flagged as the organisation default, affecting scoring behaviour for other users.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A user could reassign a model\u0027s organisation to an arbitrary value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Authenticated user with decaying-model permission (perm_decaying).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Network access to the MISP instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected: \u0026lt;2.5.48.\u003c/p\u003e"
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe import handler now builds the model record from an explicit allow-list of permitted fields (name, parameters, description, ref, formula, version, enabled, all_orgs) using array_intersect_key, discarding any unlisted keys including nested model objects. The organisation identifier and default flag are set unconditionally after filtering. The save operation is preceded by an explicit create() call and the data is wrapped in the proper model key, preventing the ORM from interpreting attacker-supplied nested keys as separate model attributes.\u003c/p\u003e"
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      "title": "MISP Decaying Model Import Mass Assignment Allows Cross-Organization Model Overwrite and Default Flagging",
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                  "The CAPEC-13 mapping is the closest available pattern; the attack is specifically a mass-assignment bypass via a nested model key rather than a generic parameter tampering, but no CAPEC entry precisely describes ORM-level mass assignment through nested keys.",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the ID Translator feature. When a user views the ID Translator page, the application queries linked (remote) MISP servers for corresponding event identifiers. The event ID returned by the remote server was rendered in the HTML output without proper output encoding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA malicious or compromised linked server could return a crafted event ID containing arbitrary HTML or JavaScript markup. This markup would be rendered in the browser of any user in the host organization who views the ID Translator page, enabling session hijacking, credential theft, or other client-side attacks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- The victim must be an authenticated user of the host MISP instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A linked server must be configured on the host instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- The victim must navigate to the ID Translator page for a given event.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected versions: \u0026lt;2.5.48.\u003c/p\u003e"
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              "type": "CWE"
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      "providerMetadata": {
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        }
      ],
      "title": "MISP ID Translator: Unescaped Remote Event ID Enables Cross-Site Scripting via Linked Server",
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                  "The CAPEC-1 mapping is the closest available pattern; the data source is a server-to-server API response rather than a direct HTTP request parameter, making the \u0027reflected\u0027 classification slightly imprecise.",
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                  "The UI:A rating assumes the victim must explicitly navigate to the ID Translator page; it is unclear whether any automated workflow could trigger this view without direct user action.",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the index table rendering of the remote event preview. The count field template escaped the associated link URL but rendered the field value without HTML encoding. An attacker with the ability to create or modify events on a linked (remote) MISP server could craft an event identifier containing HTML or JavaScript markup. When a user on the local MISP instance views the remote event preview index, the unescaped value is rendered directly in the browser, allowing arbitrary script execution in the victim\u0027s session.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A linked/remote MISP server is configured and connected to the local instance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- The attacker has sufficient access on the linked server to create or modify an event with a crafted identifier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- A victim user on the local instance views the remote event preview index page.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Execution of arbitrary JavaScript in the context of the MISP web application.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Potential session hijacking, data exfiltration, or unauthorized actions performed on behalf of the authenticated user.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected versions: \u0026lt;2.5.48.\u003c/p\u003e"
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              "type": "text/html",
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        }
      ],
      "title": "MISP Stored XSS via Unescaped Count Field Value in Remote Event Preview Index",
      "x_gcve": [
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                  "PR:L assumes the attacker needs at least low-privilege access to a linked MISP server to create or modify an event; if no authentication is required on the linked server, PR could be None.",
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                "capecRationale": [
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            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
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          "format": "CVSS",
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        }
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      "providerMetadata": {
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        }
      ],
      "title": "MISP Reflected Cross-Site Scripting via Unsanitized Analyst Data Seed Parameter",
      "x_gcve": [
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      ],
      "title": "MISP Reflected XSS in Taxonomy Tag Confirmation Forms",
      "x_gcve": [
        {
          "extensions": {
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              "ai_annotations": [
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                  "The vulnerability requires the legacy taxonomy tag confirmation views to be in use; if MISP has migrated to a different UI for taxonomy management, the attack surface may not be reachable.",
                  "PR:N is assumed because the attacker does not need their own MISP account; they only need to deliver a crafted URL to an authenticated admin. If the form is only reachable via authenticated session and the parameter cannot be injected via URL for unauthenticated users, PR could be elevated.",
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        }
      ],
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          "extensions": {
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              "ai_annotations": [
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                  "description": "Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.",
                  "gna_source": 1,
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                  "The perm_galaxy_editor permission is assumed to be granted to the stock User role as stated in the commit message; the exact role-permission mapping was not independently verified from the patch.",
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                  "CVSS UI:A assumes the victim must navigate to the correlation graph view of a specific event; if the graph is auto-loaded on a commonly visited page, UI could be lowered to Passive.",
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                "fixSummary": "The vulnerability is remediated by enforcing strict input validation on the galaxy icon field so that only valid Font Awesome icon names (lowercase alphanumeric characters and dashes) are accepted at write time. The sync/import capture path discards any icon value that does not conform. The correlation graph JSON generation falls back to a safe default icon for any previously stored invalid value. On the client side, both correlation graph scripts now set the icon as a CSS class attribute rather than injecting it as raw HTML, and apply an additional regex sanitization pass. The asset cache-busting version is incremented to ensure browsers load the corrected scripts.",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eMISP contains a privilege escalation vulnerability in the tag collection creation and editing functionality. The affected actions accepted the full HTTP request payload and passed it to a bulk-association save operation, which writes not only the intended tag collection record but also any associated model data present in the payload.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA user holding the tag editor permission could craft a request that includes additional model data (such as User or Organisation records) alongside the tag collection fields. Because the save operation processed all associated models indiscriminately, the injected sibling records were written to the database, enabling the attacker to modify or create privileged accounts and escalate to site administrator.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreconditions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- An authenticated account with the tag editor permission (perm_tag_editor)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Network access to the MISP instance\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Unauthorized creation or modification of User and Organisation records\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e- Privilege escalation from tag editor to site administrator\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAffected versions: \u0026lt; 2.5.48\u003c/p\u003e"
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            {
              "cweId": "CWE-284",
              "description": "CWE-284 Improper Access Control",
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          "descriptions": [
            {
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              "description": "CWE-862 Missing Authorization",
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        "orgId": "5a6e4751-2f3f-4070-9419-94fb35b644e8",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix replaces the bulk-association save call with an explicit two-step process: first, only the TagCollection data is extracted from the request and saved via a plain save() operation that does not write belongsTo siblings; second, tag association rows are persisted individually in a controlled loop. This ensures that any User, Organisation, or other sibling model data present in the request payload is silently discarded and never reaches the database, eliminating the privilege escalation path.\u003c/p\u003e"
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        }
      ],
      "title": "MISP Tag Collection Save Allows Privilege Escalation via Sibling Model Injection",
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                  "The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.48 with 24 commits after fix), suggesting the fix is included in v2.5.48. No explicit version range is stated in the patch itself.",
                  "The privilege level required is assumed to be \u0027perm_tag_editor\u0027 based on the commit message; the exact permission model and whether other roles are affected is not fully verifiable from the patch alone.",
                  "CAPEC-126 (Parameter Tampering) is selected as the closest match; the attack is more precisely a mass-assignment / sibling-model injection via an ORM bulk-save, for which no exact CAPEC exists. CAPEC-126 is the best available approximation.",
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                "patchSummary": "In TagCollectionsController.php, both addWithTags() and editWithTags() were modified. The full $this-\u003erequest-\u003edata is no longer passed to saveAssociated(). Instead, only the TagCollection key is extracted from the request. The saveAssociated() call is replaced with a plain save() for the collection, followed by an explicit loop that creates and saves each TagCollectionTag row individually. In editWithTags(), the tag rewrite logic is restructured to delete existing tag associations and re-insert them after the collection save. REST success/failure response handling is added to both methods.",
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              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe fix introduces a defensive save() override in the base model class that refuses to persist any record where the data array simultaneously contains a nested key matching the model alias and other top-level scalar fields, logging a warning and returning false. Additionally, all code paths that sanitize and save records (free-text import, module result processing, object delta merge, attribute bulk edit, sighting capture, shadow attribute proposal, event report creation) now explicitly unset the nested alias key from the data array before calling save(), ensuring the ORM cannot be redirected to an attacker-chosen row. Controller-level request reshaping was also corrected to avoid creating self-referencing data structures.\u003c/p\u003e"
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                  "The affected version boundary is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.48); the exact last affected release and first fixed release are not explicitly stated in the patch.",
                  "PR:L assumes the attacker needs only a basic authenticated account with perm_add; the regression tests confirm a non-admin, non-sync role suffices, but the minimum permission set is not exhaustively enumerated in the patch.",
                  "VA:N assumes soft-delete is treated as an integrity impact (data state change) rather than an availability impact; if the organization considers soft-deleted records as unavailable, VA could be raised to L.",
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                    "rationale": "The attacker tampers with the structure of request parameters by injecting a nested key matching the model alias, causing the ORM to target a different row than the application intended. The outer parameters (sanitized id, pinned event_id) are effectively ignored in favor of the attacker-controlled inner parameters. This is a structural parameter tampering attack exploiting the ORM\u0027s data-binding semantics. The mapping is the closest available CAPEC; no more specific pattern for ORM-level key injection exists in the CAPEC catalog."
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