Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2025-48710 (GCVE-0-2025-48710)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-04 05:50 – Updated: 2025-06-04 13:23

Summary

kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro's controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled images, resulting in unauthenticated remote code execution on cluster nodes.

Severity

4.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-06-04 13:23 UTC

CWE

CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')

Assigner

mitre mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2
https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-c…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
kro.run	kro	Affected: 0.1.0 , < 0.2.1 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-48710",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-06-04T13:23:25.727210Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T13:23:37.851Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "kro",
          "vendor": "kro.run",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "0.2.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.1.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro\u0027s controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled images, resulting in unauthenticated remote code execution on cluster nodes."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 4.1,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "LOW",
            "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
            "scope": "CHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-441",
              "description": "CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (\u0027Confused Deputy\u0027)",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T05:59:01.144Z",
        "orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
        "shortName": "mitre"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-crd-abstraction-risks-kro/"
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "CVE-Request-form 0.0.1"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
    "assignerShortName": "mitre",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-48710",
    "datePublished": "2025-06-04T05:50:48.639Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-05-23T04:16:39.433Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T13:23:37.851Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-48710",
      "date": "2026-10-03",
      "epss": "0.00375",
      "percentile": "0.29102"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-48710",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "none"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "partial"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2025-06-04T13:23:25.727210Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T13:23:34.371Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "kro",
              "vendor": "kro.run",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "lessThan": "0.2.1",
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "0.1.0",
                  "versionType": "semver"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro\u0027s controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled images, resulting in unauthenticated remote code execution on cluster nodes."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV3_1": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "baseScore": 4.1,
                "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
                "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "integrityImpact": "LOW",
                "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
                "scope": "CHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "format": "CVSS",
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "GENERAL"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-441",
                  "description": "CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (\u0027Confused Deputy\u0027)",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T05:59:01.144Z",
            "orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
            "shortName": "mitre"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "url": "https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2"
            },
            {
              "url": "https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-crd-abstraction-risks-kro/"
            }
          ],
          "x_generator": {
            "engine": "CVE-Request-form 0.0.1"
          }
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
        "assignerShortName": "mitre",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-48710",
        "datePublished": "2025-06-04T05:50:48.639Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-05-23T04:16:39.433Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2025-06-04T13:23:37.851Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}

EUVD-2026-43829

European Vulnerability Database identifier assigned by ENISA

Reserved

2026-10-03 10:45

Assigner

ENISA

Alias of

a CVE record, shown under related vulnerabilities. This identifier carries no description, severity or references of its own: they belong to that CVE.

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "assigner": "ENISA",
  "date_reserved": "2026-10-03T10:45:47.931158+00:00",
  "id": "EUVD-2026-43829"
}

FKIE_CVE-2025-48710

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-06-04 06:15 - Updated: 2026-06-17 09:30

Severity

4.1 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	cve@mitre.org	https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2
	cve@mitre.org	https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-crd-abstraction-risks-kro/

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "kro",
          "vendor": "kro.run",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "0.2.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0.1.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "cve@mitre.org"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro\u0027s controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled images, resulting in unauthenticated remote code execution on cluster nodes."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 anterior a 0.2.1 permite a los usuarios (con permiso para crear o modificar recursos ResourceGraphDefinition) proporcionar im\u00e1genes de contenedor arbitrarias. Esto puede generar un escenario de subordinaci\u00f3n confusa donde los controladores de kro implementan y ejecutan im\u00e1genes controladas por atacantes, lo que resulta en la ejecuci\u00f3n remota de c\u00f3digo no autenticado en los nodos del cl\u00faster."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-48710",
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T09:30:13.107",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 4.1,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "HIGH",
          "scope": "CHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.3,
        "impactScore": 1.4,
        "source": "cve@mitre.org",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2025-48710",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "none"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2025-06-04T13:23:25.727210Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-06-04T06:15:21.390",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "cve@mitre.org",
      "url": "https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2"
    },
    {
      "source": "cve@mitre.org",
      "url": "https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-crd-abstraction-risks-kro/"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "cve@mitre.org",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-441"
        }
      ],
      "source": "cve@mitre.org",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-7633-X85H-5MQH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-04 06:30 – Updated: 2025-06-05 05:10

Summary

kro Confused Deputy vulnerability

Details

Severity

4.1 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/kro-run/kro"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-48710"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-441"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-05T05:10:13Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-04T06:15:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "kro (Kube Resource Orchestrator) 0.1.0 before 0.2.1 allows users (with permission to create or modify ResourceGraphDefinition resources) to supply arbitrary container images. This can lead to a confused-deputy scenario where kro\u0027s controllers deploy and run attacker-controlled images, resulting in unauthenticated remote code execution on cluster nodes.",
  "id": "GHSA-7633-x85h-5mqh",
  "modified": "2025-06-05T05:10:13Z",
  "published": "2025-06-04T06:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48710"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/kro-run/kro"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kro-run/kro/compare/v0.2.1...v0.2.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://orca.security/resources/blog/kubernetes-crd-abstraction-risks-kro"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "kro Confused Deputy vulnerability"
}

OPENSUSE-SU-2025:15225-1

Vulnerability from csaf_opensuse - Published: 2025-07-03 00:00 - Updated: 2026-09-20 21:35

Summary

govulncheck-vulndb-0.0.20250612T141001-1.1 on GA media

Severity

Moderate

Scope

29 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2025-48710.

CVE-2025-48710

Recommended: 4 products

Open the full advisory

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2025-48710 (GCVE-0-2025-48710)

EUVD-2026-43829

FKIE_CVE-2025-48710

GHSA-7633-X85H-5MQH

OPENSUSE-SU-2025:15225-1

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour